Focke-Wulf Fw 191 Luft '46 Prototypes Entry

In July 1939 the RLM issued a specification for a new medium bomber. It was to have a maximum speed of 600 km/h (373 mph) and be able to carry a bomb load of 4000 kg (8820 lbs) to any part of Britain from bases in France or Norway. Furthermore, the new bomber was to have a pressurized crew compartment, remote control armament and was to utilize two of the new 2500 horsepower class of engines then being developed (Jumo 222 or Daimler Benz DB 604). This was the "Bomber B" program, which Arado, Dornier, Focke-Wulf and Junkers participated in. The Arado Ar E.340 was eliminated, the Dornier Do 317 was put on a low-priority development contract; and the Junkers Ju 288 and Focke-Wulf Fw 191 were chosen for full development.
Dipl. Ing E. Kösel, who also worked on the Fw 189 reconnaissance plane, led the design team for the Fw 191. Overall, the Fw 191 was a clean, all metal aircraft that featured a shoulder mounted wing. Two 24 cylinder Jumo 222 engines (which showed more promise than the DB 604 engines) were mounted in nacelles on the wings. An interesting feature was the

inclusion of the Multhopp-Klappe, an ingenious form of combined landing flap and dive brake, which was developed by Hans Multhopp. The entire fuel supply was carried in five tanks located above the internal bomb bay, and in two tanks in the wing between the engine nacelles and fuselage. The tail section was of a twin fins and rudders design, with the tailplane having a small amount of dihedral. The main landing gear retracted to the rear and rotated 90 degrees to lie flat in each engine nacelle. Also, the tailwheel retracted forwards into the fuselage. A crew of four sat in the pressurized cockpit, and a large Plexiglas dome was provided for the navigator; also the radio operator could use this dome to aim the remote controlled rear guns. Armament was to consist of a remote controlled chin turret (two MG 81 7.9mm machine guns), a similar turret in the rear of each engine nacelle, an upper and lower turret featuring a single MG 151/20 20mm cannon and two MG 131 13mm machine guns.
Problems arose almost immediately when the Jumo 222 engines were not ready in time for the first flight tests, so a pair

of 1600 horsepower BMW 801MA radial engines were fitted. This made the FW 191 V1 seriously underpowered. Another problem arose with the RLM's insistence that all systems that would normally be hydraulic or mechanically activated should be operated by electric motors. The installation of so many electric motors and wiring led to the nickname for the Fw 191 of "Das fliegende Kraftwerk" (the flying powerstation)! This also had the detrimental effect of adding even more weight to the overburdened airframe, plus there was also the danger of a single enemy bullet putting every system out of action if the generator was hit.
Dipl. Ing Melhorn took the Fw 191 V1 on its maiden flight early in 1942, with immediate problems arising from the

lower rated engines not providing enough power, as was anticipated. One surprising problem that was encountered were the Multhopp-Klappe, which presented severe flutter problems when extended, and pointed to the need for a redesign. At this point, only dummy gun installations were fitted and no bomb load was carried. After completing ten test flights, the Fw 191 V1 was joined by the similar V2 , but only a total of ten hours of test flight time was logged.
At this point, the RLM allowed the redesign and removal of the electric motors (to be replaced by the standard hydraulics), so the Fw 191 V3, V4 and V5 were abandoned. The Fw 191 V6 was then modified to the new design, and also a pair of specially prepared Jumo 222 engines were fitted that developed 2200 horsepower for takeoff. The first flight of the new Fw 191 took place in December 1942 with Flugkapitän Hans Sander at the controls. Although the V6 flew better, the Jumo 222 were still not producing their design power, and the whole Jumo 222 development prospect was looking bad due to the shortage of special metals for it. The Fw 191 V6 was to have been the prototype for the Fw 191A series

Since the Jumo 222 engines were having a lot of teething problems, and the Daimler Benz DB 604 had already been abandoned, a new proposal was put forth for the Fw 191B series. The V7 through V12 machines were abandoned in favor of using the Fw 191 V13 to install a pair of Daimler Benz DB 606 or 610 engines, which were basically coupled pairs of either DB 601 or 605 12 cylinder engines. Their lower power-to-weight ratio, however, meant that the armament and payload would have to be reduced. It had already been decided to delete the engine nacelle gun turrets, and to make the rest manually operated. Five more prototypes were planned with the new engine arrangement, V14 through V18, but none were ever built.
One final attempt was made to save the Fw 191 program, this time the Fw 191C was proposed as a four engined aircraft, using either the 1340 horsepower Jumo 211F, the 1300 horsepower DB 601E, the 1475 horsepower DB 605A or

the 1475 horsepower DB 628 engines. Also, the cabin would be unpressurized and the guns manually operated; a rear step in the bottom of the deepened fuselage being provided for the gunner.
Unfortunately, at this time, the whole "Bomber B" program had been canceled, due mainly to no engines of the 2500 horsepower class being available, which was one of the primary requirements in the "Bomber B" program. Although the Fw 191 will be remembered as a failure, the air frame and overall design eventually proved themselves to be sound, only the underpowered engines and insistence on electric motors to operate all the systems eventually dooming the aircraft. All in all, there were only three Fw 191s ever built (V1, V2 and V6), and no examples of the Fw 191B or C ever advanced past the design stage.

Fw 191 w/Jumo 222 - Dimensions*
Span	Length	Height	Wing Area	Landing Gear Track Width
25 m 82'	18.45 m 60' 6"	4.8 m 15' 9"	70.5 m² 758.86 ft²	6.82 m 22' 5"

Fw 191 w/Jumo 222 - Weights*
Empty Weight Equipped	Crew	Ammunition	Fuel	Lubricants	Bombs/Overload	Flying Weight	Wing Loading
11970 kg 26389 lbs	360 kg 794 lbs	505 kg 1113 lbs	4390 kg 9678 lbs	350 kg 772 lbs	2000 kg / 4200 kg 4409 lbs / 9259 lbs	19575 kg 43155 lbs	278 kg/m² 56.87 lbs/ft²

Fw 191 w/Jumo 222 - Performances*
Max. speed/Altitude	Range	Ceiling	Climb Rate	Takeoff Distance	Landing Speed
495 km/h / 0 km 308 mph / 0' -------------------- 540 km/h / 2 km 336 mph / 6562' -------------------- 570 km/h / 4 km 354 mph / 13124' -------------------- 620 km/h / 6.35 km 385 mph / 20834' -------------------- 605 km/h / 8 km 376 mph / 26248'	3600 km 2237 miles	9700 m 31824'	6.1 m/sec 20 ft/sec	990 m 3248'	135 km/h 84 mph

* Note: all dimension, weight and performance data was taken diretcly from the original Focke-Wulf Fw 191 w/Jumo 222 factory documents. All other published sources I could find were slightly different.

Focke-Wulf Fw 191 Models
Manufacturer	Scale	Material	Notes
Airmodel #051	1/72	Vacuform w/resin details	One of the nicer Airmodel vac kits, good instruction sheets
Planet #038	1/72	Resin w/decals	Good later Planet Models release, hollow fuselage halves

A good front view of the FW 191V1 with BMW 801MA radial engines.
Note the crew access ladder and open bomb bay doors.

Below: two more views showing off the lines of the Fw 191

Left: a close up view of the rear firing guns on the Fw 191 V1
Right: detail of the *Multhopp-Klappe*, a combination landing flap and dive brake

Three photos showing the nose and canopy of the Fw 191 V1

A copy of the original Focke-Wulf Fw 191 factory drawing showing the bomb loading table....

A copy of the original Focke-Wulf factory drawing showing the various bomb loads that the Focke-Wulf Fw 191 could carry...

Above image from Geheimprojekte der Luftwaffe Band II: Strategische Bomber 1935-1945

Focke-Wulf Fw 191 Cockpit Instrumentation
Note: If anyone can translate these instrument names better, I would
appreciate the help. Please send email to djohnson@visi.net

                                                   Notcompaß
                                          Figure B     Emergency Compass

Figure C

Figure D
Figure A

Peil-Tochter
Backup DF
Indicator

Figure E

Figure A
Figure B
Figure C

1) Fahrtmesser
    Airspeed Indicator
2)Wendezeiger
    Turn Indicator
3) Variometer
    Rate of Climb Indicator
4) Schauzeichen für Staurohrheizung
    Pitot Heat Temperature Indicator
5) Warnlampe für Kabinendruck
    Cabin Pressure Warning Lamp
6) Funknavigation
    Radio Navigation
7) Horizont
    Artificial Horizon
8) Fein - u. Grobhöhenmesser
    Fine and Course Altimeter
9) Führer - Tochterkompaß
    Main - Slave Compass 1) Kontact - Höhenmesser
    Contact - Altimeter
2) Verzögerrungsschalter
    Time Delay Switch
3) Anzeigegerät für Fahrwerk und Landeklappen
     Indicator for Landing Gear and Landing Flaps
4) Schalter für Fahrwerk und Landeklappen
    Switch for Landing Gear and Landing Flaps
5) Kommandoschalter (Sturzflugschalter)
    Command switch (dive switch)
6) Fahrtmesser f. 3 Achsensteuerung
    Airspeed Indicator for 3 axis Control
7) Horizonttochter f. 3 Achsensteuerung
    Slave Attitude for 3 axis Control 1) Schalter für Kreiselstützung
    Gyro Control switches
2) S - Kompaß Ueberwachung
    Compass Indicator
3) Kurs - Schalter
    Longitudinal axis Control
4) Quer - Schalter
    Lateral axis Control
5) Höhen - Schalter
    Vertical axis Control
6) Anzeigegerät für Seitentrimmung
    Indicator for Rudder Trim
7) Anzeigegerät für Quertrimmung
    Indicator for Aileron Trim
8) Anzeigegerät für Höhentrimmung
    Indicator for Elevator Trim
9) Schalter für Seitentrimmung
    Rudder Trim Switch
10) Schalter für Quertrimmung
    Aileron Trim Switch
11) Scheinwerferschalter
      Landing Light Switch
12) Hauptschalter für 3 Achsensteuerung
     Main Switch for 3 axis Control
13) Bediengerät für Fu G XXV
    Control Panel for Fu G XXV
14) ADb 11
15) Außenlufttemperatur
    Outside Air Temperature
16) Kabinentemperatur
      Cockpit Temperature
17) Ablegekasten
      Storage Box

Figure D
Figure E

1) O² Druckmesser
    O² Pressure Gauge
2) O² Wächter
    O2 Flowmeter
3) Knopf für Membranlunge
    Diaphram Knob
4) Feststellhebel
    Arresting Lever
5) Gashobel
    Gas Lever
6) Luftschraubenverstellung
    Propeller Pitch Control
7) Verstellschrauben - Segelstellung
    Propeller Feathering Control
8) Zündschalter
    Ignition Switch
9) Netzausschalter
    Master Switch - Battery
10) Behälterschaltung
     Fuel Tank Selector
11) Schnellablaß
      Fuel Jettison Switch
12) Kabinenheizung
      Cabin Heating
13) Flossenenteisung
      Fin De-icer
14) Enteisung
      De-Icer
15) Anlaßschalter
       Starter Switch
9) Netzausschalter
    Circuit Breakers
10) Behälterschaltung
     Fuel Tank Selector
11) Schnellablaß
      Fuel Jettison Switch
12) Kabinenheizung
      Cabin Heating
13) Floßenenteisung
      Fin De-icer
14) Enteisung
      De-Icer
15) Anlaßschalter
       Starter Switch 1) RAB 14 d
2) ADb 13
3) ZSK 244
4) Höhe über Ziel
    Altitude Over Target
5) Eigengeschwindigk.
    True Airspeed
6) Membranlunge
     Diaphram
7) Windkompaß
     Wind Direction
8) Umschalter
     Change Over Switch
9) O² Wächter
     O² Flowmeter
10) O² Druckmesser
      O² Pressure Guage
11) Gashebel
      Gas Lever
12) 4fach - Gerät
13) Doppel - Ladedruck - messer
      Twin Manifold Indicator
14) Umschalter
      Select Switch 15) Doppel - Drehzahl - messer
      Overrotate Indicator
16) Umschalter
      Select Switch
17) Restwarnung
      Reserve Fuel Caution
18) Kraftstoffvorrat
      Fuel Quantity
19) Umschalter
      Select Switch
20) Schmiwrstoffvorrat
     Coolant Quantity
21) Temperaturanzeiger für Nasenenteisung
      Temperature Indicator for Airfoil De-Icer
22) Stellungsanzeiger für Flossenenteisung
     Position Indicator for Fin De-Icer
23) Stellungsanzeiger für Erhitzer
     Heater Position Indicator
24) Stellungsanzeiger für Erhitzer
     Heater Position Indicator
25) Schalter für Lader
      Supercharger Control Switch
26) Kabinendruck (Grobhöhenmesser)
     Cabin Pressure
27) Schalter für Lader
      Supercharger Control Switch
28) Sanitätspack
      First Aid Kit
29) Kennlampe für Kärchergerät
      Pilot Lamp for

Figure A	Figure B	Figure C
1) Fahrtmesser Airspeed Indicator 2)Wendezeiger Turn Indicator 3) Variometer Rate of Climb Indicator 4) Schauzeichen für Staurohrheizung Pitot Heat Temperature Indicator 5) Warnlampe für Kabinendruck Cabin Pressure Warning Lamp 6) Funknavigation Radio Navigation 7) Horizont Artificial Horizon 8) Fein - u. Grobhöhenmesser Fine and Course Altimeter 9) Führer - Tochterkompaß Main - Slave Compass	1) Kontact - Höhenmesser Contact - Altimeter 2) Verzögerrungsschalter Time Delay Switch 3) Anzeigegerät für Fahrwerk und Landeklappen Indicator for Landing Gear and Landing Flaps 4) Schalter für Fahrwerk und Landeklappen Switch for Landing Gear and Landing Flaps 5) Kommandoschalter (Sturzflugschalter) Command switch (dive switch) 6) Fahrtmesser f. 3 Achsensteuerung Airspeed Indicator for 3 axis Control 7) Horizonttochter f. 3 Achsensteuerung Slave Attitude for 3 axis Control	1) Schalter für Kreiselstützung Gyro Control switches 2) S - Kompaß Ueberwachung Compass Indicator 3) Kurs - Schalter Longitudinal axis Control 4) Quer - Schalter Lateral axis Control 5) Höhen - Schalter Vertical axis Control 6) Anzeigegerät für Seitentrimmung Indicator for Rudder Trim 7) Anzeigegerät für Quertrimmung Indicator for Aileron Trim 8) Anzeigegerät für Höhentrimmung Indicator for Elevator Trim 9) Schalter für Seitentrimmung Rudder Trim Switch 10) Schalter für Quertrimmung Aileron Trim Switch 11) Scheinwerferschalter Landing Light Switch 12) Hauptschalter für 3 Achsensteuerung Main Switch for 3 axis Control 13) Bediengerät für Fu G XXV Control Panel for Fu G XXV 14) ADb 11 15) Außenlufttemperatur Outside Air Temperature 16) Kabinentemperatur Cockpit Temperature 17) Ablegekasten Storage Box

Figure D	Figure E
1) O² Druckmesser O² Pressure Gauge 2) O² Wächter O2 Flowmeter 3) Knopf für Membranlunge Diaphram Knob 4) Feststellhebel Arresting Lever 5) Gashobel Gas Lever 6) Luftschraubenverstellung Propeller Pitch Control 7) Verstellschrauben - Segelstellung Propeller Feathering Control 8) Zündschalter Ignition Switch 9) Netzausschalter Master Switch - Battery 10) Behälterschaltung Fuel Tank Selector 11) Schnellablaß Fuel Jettison Switch 12) Kabinenheizung Cabin Heating 13) Flossenenteisung Fin De-icer 14) Enteisung De-Icer 15) Anlaßschalter Starter Switch 9) Netzausschalter Circuit Breakers 10) Behälterschaltung Fuel Tank Selector 11) Schnellablaß Fuel Jettison Switch 12) Kabinenheizung Cabin Heating 13) Floßenenteisung Fin De-icer 14) Enteisung De-Icer 15) Anlaßschalter Starter Switch	1) RAB 14 d 2) ADb 13 3) ZSK 244 4) Höhe über Ziel Altitude Over Target 5) Eigengeschwindigk. True Airspeed 6) Membranlunge Diaphram 7) Windkompaß Wind Direction 8) Umschalter Change Over Switch 9) O² Wächter O² Flowmeter 10) O² Druckmesser O² Pressure Guage 11) Gashebel Gas Lever 12) 4fach - Gerät 13) Doppel - Ladedruck - messer Twin Manifold Indicator 14) Umschalter Select Switch	15) Doppel - Drehzahl - messer Overrotate Indicator 16) Umschalter Select Switch 17) Restwarnung Reserve Fuel Caution 18) Kraftstoffvorrat Fuel Quantity 19) Umschalter Select Switch 20) Schmiwrstoffvorrat Coolant Quantity 21) Temperaturanzeiger für Nasenenteisung Temperature Indicator for Airfoil De-Icer 22) Stellungsanzeiger für Flossenenteisung Position Indicator for Fin De-Icer 23) Stellungsanzeiger für Erhitzer Heater Position Indicator 24) Stellungsanzeiger für Erhitzer Heater Position Indicator 25) Schalter für Lader Supercharger Control Switch 26) Kabinendruck (Grobhöhenmesser) Cabin Pressure 27) Schalter für Lader Supercharger Control Switch 28) Sanitätspack First Aid Kit 29) Kennlampe für Kärchergerät Pilot Lamp for